Theory of Healthy Behavior and Safety Behavior of Workers Against the Application of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (SMK3)

Worker behavior (health behavior and safety behavior) that will be faced in the world of work is very diverse, where there will be found worker behaviors that can threaten the safety of themselves and others including the health impacts caused by healthy behavior.

There are several theories that can help us as a reference in expressing healthy behavior and safety behavior of these workers:

HEALTH BEHAVIOR THEORY

The Health Belief Model (HBM)

The Health Belief Model (HBM) explains the influence of a person's perception and belief factors in making healthy decisions. There are several components that affect individual perception, namely perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy (self-readiness). This perception is influenced by demographic factors (age, gender, ethnicity, etc.), sociopsychological characteristics, and structural variables (knowledge and experience). So, this model aims to predict individual perception in its influence on healthy behavior from several components that influence individual perception.

The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

The TRA model sees that a person's behavior always has a reason for intention, where intentions are determined by individual subjective attitudes and norms. This attitude is the result of consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the behavior. Social norms refer to a person's beliefs and motivations towards how and what people think he considers important. To know what a person will do, the best way to predict it is to know the intention (intention/will) of that person. Theory focuses on the personal so that consistent personal intentions will easily prove the theory.

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)

SCT proposed by Albert Bandura is based on Triadic Reciprocal Determinism, an approach that explains human behavior in the form of continuous mutual interaction between behavior, person, and environment. These factors interact with each other and have a very close relationship. SCT establishes a framework for understanding, predicting and responsible human behavior by identifying human behavior as the interaction of individual, behavioral, and environmental factors.

Trans Theoretical Model (TTM)

Called Transtheoretical because the concept comes from a fusion of human behavior theory and the perspective of how to change it, TTM focuses on individual decision making which is a deliberate change. So, this TTM discusses more about the concept of individual change, in the form of stage of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and process of change. This model describes how people modify problem behaviors or derive a positive behavior from those behavior changes.

SAFETY BEHAVIOR THEORY

Domino Theory

According to Heinrich, the key to preventing accidents is to eliminate unsafe actions as the third of the five factors causing accidents. This theory states that accidents occur because of something that happens in a row. Accidents occur due to unsafe acts and unsafe conditions. These unsafe conditions and actions are influenced by one's mistakes and these mistakes occur due to the social environment. So, in this theory, the basic cause of accidents is due to human error.

Shell Model

The Shell model emphasizes system perspective, taking into account a variety of contextual and task-related factors that interact with human operators in flight systems to influence operator performance (Wiegmann & Shappell, 2003: 9). As a result, the SHELL model considers both active and latent failures in the flight system. The components contained in the SHELL theory itself, namely the interaction between Liveware (human / central) with Software (rules / procedures), Hardware (equipment), Environment (environment), and Liveware (humans). So, in this model, accidents occur due to failure of interaction between factors or components contained in the SHELL.

Human Error

An important aspect of this theory is the approach in finding factors that can cause human tendency to err and the approach in finding aspects that minimize the occurrence of human error. According to Reason, human error is classified into two groups, namely error and violation. Error consists of skill-based error, rule-based error, and knowledge-based error. While violations consist of routines and exceptional errors.

Swiss Cheese Model

The Swiss cheese theory describes an accident as a failure of the layers of defense to prevent an accident. This failed coating is analogous to having holes like the shape of Swiss cheese. So according to this theory, accidents occur due to the absence of defense systems in organizations and people. If one of these defenses is weak, there will be an accident, so it is also necessary to change the individual's mindset from causes to defense.

Accident is something undesirable and unplanned that can cause harm or cause losses, and disrupt ongoing processes, ranging from work safety system management factors, weaknesses in supervision, conditions that encourage errors, to worker behavior factors. The cause of accidents does not only come from individuals but many other factors that can affect the healthy and safe behavior of these humans. System and organizational problems also contribute to accidents.

So that the existence of the system is expected to change our view that not only see accidents from causes only, but in a complex manner both from the people, the organization, and the environment, and the equipment that supports a job. The theory or model in this discussion can also be used as a reference to make Tools in making, identifying, and even can also be used to prevent accidents in the company in the application of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (SMK3).