Work Accident Prevention Efforts in the Application of OHSMS Using SHELL Theory

The SHELL theory was first developed by Edwards in 1972 and later modified into a 'block building' structure by Hawkins in 1984, this model places people as the focus of the interests of the discipline's "human factors", because humans are the central component and as the link between other components (Hawkins, 1987).

Components in SHELL theory includes (Hawkins, 1987)

1. Software is a form of law, regulation, policy or standard operating procedure.
2. Hardware is a form of machinery, equipment and warning signs.
3. Environment is a form of weather, wind speed, working conditions and working time.
4. Liveware is a form of physicality, work experience, education level, interpersonal relationships, teamwork, power and responsibility.

The relationship of liveware with other components (Hawkins, 1987)

Liveware - Hardware

• Connecting with human-machine
• One application, in designing a seat, must be adjusted to the characteristics of the human body.
• A common problem is when designing the appearance to match the characteristics of the process of absorbing information in humans.
• When there is a mismatch between Liveware-Hardware, it will affect work performance and potentially cause errors.

Liveware - Software

• Represents non-physical aspects such as procedures, computer programs,
• Less real and harder to solve compared to Liveware-Hardware

Liveware - Environment

• Noise, cold or heat, adequate oxygen, which are around humans and affect work performance because humans have to adapt.
• For example, pilots who fly for a long period of time can cause jetlag so as to reduce work performance which can cause errors.

Liveware - liveware

• The relationship between man and other humans around him
• Focusing on individual characteristics
• These interactions can affect his behavior and become very important during emergency situations.
• Related to leadership, crew cooperation, teamwork and personality interactions.

Work Accident Prevention Efforts

Accident prevention is an integrated program with a number of activities coordinated based on knowledge, attitudes and abilities, which aims to control actions and dangerous conditions (Heinrich, 1980). Prevention of such accidents can be both direct and indirect approaches. The hands-on approach includes controls placed on personal and environmental performance. Meanwhile, indirect approaches are long-term, such as work instruction, as well as worker education and training.

Accident prevention using SHELL theory also emphasizes on things that can affect workers (liveware), to Environment, Software, Hardware, to Organizations must be ensured that the relationship is appropriate. If this is done, it is expected to have a beneficial effect on worker behavior, so that corrective action can be taken regarding worker behavior to realize safe behavior during work.