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Analysis of Uranium-Bearing Samples (Norm)
Uranium is a naturally-occurring radioactive element commonly present in rocks and soils in low quantities. This silver-colored heavy metal is fairly abundant and is best known for its usage in the production of nuclear energy. It exists in several forms or “isotopes”, with uranium-238 present in the greatest quantity. Uranium-235, which is used in nuclear reactors, is usually the second most abundant isotope present. Uranium is considered a highly valuable commodity, because the nuclear production of energy is currently viewed as a viable solution to meet the energy demands of our global community.
SGS’ experienced analytical professionals and technicians can provide bankable results for your uranium project. We are licensed to perform both low and high-grade assays and analyses at our Lakefield, Canada and Johannesburg, South Africa facilities. Services that SGS Minerals Services offers for uranium include: - Sample preparation
- Laboratory analysis including XRF, ICP-OES, ICP-MS and NAA
- Proper disposal and assays short term storage
- Mineralogical testing
- Metallurgical testing
Sample Types - “Norm” – Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material
Exploration Materials
Low-grade solids such as soils, rocks and related geochemical exploration materials are prepared by one of the following methods: aqua regia leach, (ICM12B or IMS12B) multi-acid digest (ICM40B), sodium peroxide fusion (ICM90A) or by borate fusion. After preparation, samples can be analyzed by ICP-OES, ICP-MS, XRF or by neutron activation (INAA).
Ores, Concentrates and Heavy Mineral Separates
High-grade uranium ore and metallurgical products are best analyzed by XRF or INAA.
Uranium Analysis And Assays
Detection limits for uranium analysis can range from 0.05ppm to 1%, depending on the individual method chosen. For samples containing higher concentrations, special analysis and assay methods can be employed.
Quality
The SGS Minerals Services laboratory in Lakefield is ISO/IEC 17025 accredited for uranium analysis by XRF. As part of our quality control program, we analyze certified reference materials to monitor our performance. Reference materials used span the expected concentration range of the sample type and are of similar matrix, when available.
Mineral Identification and Textures
SGS Minerals Services has a wide range of mineralogical tools and is uniquely positioned to complete mineralogical studies of uranium minerals. Tools include electron microprobe, optical microscopy, image analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray diffraction.
Mineral Chemistry
The chemical composition of uranium bearing species can be quantified in our laboratories using electron microprobe and QEMSCAN™. This equipment determines the amount of uranium in trace phases or can highlight environmental concerns or situations that might cause processing penalties.
Handling Procedures
SGS Minerals Services has been working with uranium for over 50 years. We have developed and refined stringent handling and safety procedures. We have standard operating procedures for receiving, handling, testing, disposing and short-term storage of NORM substances. SGS Minerals Services Radiation safety procedures are based on the Canadian Guidelines for the Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials published by the Canadian Government. A policy of “ALARA” (As Low as Reasonably Achievable) has been adopted.
Shipping
Transport Canada considers samples containing radioactive concentrations greater than 70 kBq/Kg to be dangerous goods. SGS Mineral Services follows Transportation of Dangerous Goods – CLASS 7 Regulations and Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) Packaging Guidelines. For more information concerning transportation requirements please contact the appropriate Federal, Provincial or Territorial government agency requesting transportation of CLASS 7.
Receiving
All shipments will be measured for total radioactivity upon receipt. Shipments determined to be NORM material exceeding our prescribed action level (> 18 micro sieverts=Effective Dose) will require special NORM Management handling and preparation in our containment booth and a surcharge will be applied.
Testing
SGS Minerals Services’ laboratory in Lakefield, Canada has a fully serviced containment booth. Under SGS Minerals Services standard operating procedures we require NORM MANAGEMENT CLASSIFICATION. When our threshold action level is exceeded, it is mandatory that the NORM samples are prepared in a separately ventilated and supplied air containment booth. Our staff is continuously monitored for radiation exposure levels, with a maximum yearly exposure set to the guidelines established by Health Canada. SGS Minerals Services conducts all testing to ensure exposures are “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA).
Disposal
Low level radioactive material (NORM) is returned to the client at cost to the client. No long term storage is allowed. Yellowcake and precipitates disposal can be arranged at client cost to MONSERCO. Liaison and handling costs to be paid by client. |
